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Slavery
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In this groundbreaking historical exposé, Douglas A. Blackmon brings to light one of the most shameful chapters in American history—an “Age of Neoslavery” that thrived from the aftermath of the Civil War through the dawn of World War II.
Under laws enacted specifically to intimidate blacks, tens of thousands of African Americans were arbitrarily arrested, hit with outrageous fines, and charged for the costs of their own arrests. With no means to pay these ostensible “debts,” prisoners were sold as forced laborers to coal mines, lumber camps, brickyards, railroads, quarries, and farm plantations. Thousands of other African Americans were simply seized by southern landowners and compelled into years of involuntary servitude. Government officials leased falsely imprisoned blacks to small-town entrepreneurs, provincial farmers, and dozens of corporations—including U.S. Steel—looking for cheap and abundant labor. Armies of “free” black men labored without compensation, were repeatedly bought and sold, and were forced through beatings and physical torture to do the bidding of white masters for decades after the official abolition of American slavery.
The neoslavery system exploited legal loopholes and federal policies that discouraged prosecution of whites for continuing to hold black workers against their wills. As it poured millions of dollars into southern government treasuries, the new slavery also became a key instrument in the terrorization of African Americans seeking full participation in the U.S. political system.
Based on a vast record of original documents and personal narratives, Slavery by Another Name unearths the lost stories of slaves and their descendants who journeyed into freedom after the Emancipation Proclamation and then back into the shadow of involuntary servitude. It also reveals the stories of those who fought unsuccessfully against the re-emergence of human labor trafficking, the modern companies that profited most from neoslavery, and the system’s final demise in the 1940s, partly due to fears of enemy propaganda about American racial abuse at the beginning of World War II.
Slavery by Another Name is a moving, sobering account of a little-known crime against African Americans, and the insidious legacy of racism that reverberates today.
- Sales Rank: #227195 in Books
- Published on: 2008-03-25
- Released on: 2008-03-25
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.50" h x 1.60" w x 6.45" l, 1.60 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 480 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. Wall Street Journal bureau chief Blackmon gives a groundbreaking and disturbing account of a sordid chapter in American history—the lease (essentially the sale) of convicts to commercial interests between the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th. Usually, the criminal offense was loosely defined vagrancy or even changing employers without permission. The initial sentence was brutal enough; the actual penalty, reserved almost exclusively for black men, was a form of slavery in one of hundreds of forced labor camps operated by state and county governments, large corporations, small time entrepreneurs and provincial farmers. Into this history, Blackmon weaves the story of Green Cottenham, who was charged with riding a freight train without a ticket, in 1908 and was sentenced to three months of hard labor for Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel. Cottenham's sentence was extended an additional three months and six days because he was unable to pay fines then leveraged on criminals. Blackmon's book reveals in devastating detail the legal and commercial forces that created this neoslavery along with deeply moving and totally appalling personal testimonies of survivors. Every incident in this book is true, he writes; one wishes it were not so. (Mar.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
Advance Praise for SLAVERY BY ANOTHER NAME
“A powerful and eye-opening account of a crucial but unremembered chapter of American history. Blackmon’s magnificent research paints a devastating picture of the ugly and outrageous practices that kept tens of thousands of black Americans enslaved until the onset of World War II. Slavery by Another Name is a passionate, highly impressive, and hugely important book.”
—David J. Garrow, author of Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and winner of the 1987 Pulizer Prize for Biography
“This groundbreaking book illuminates black Americans’ lingering suspicions of the criminal justice system. The false imprisonment of black men has its history in an ignominious economic system that depended on coerced labor and didn’t flinch from savagery toward fellow human beings. Blackmon’s exhaustive reportage should put an end to the oft-repeated slander that black Americans tend toward lawlessness.”
—Cynthia Tucker, editorial page editor of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and winner of the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for commentary
“For those who think the conversation about race or exploitation in America is over, they should read Douglas Blackmon’s cautionary tale, Slavery by Another Name. It is at once provocative and thought-provoking, sobering and heart-rending.”
—Jay Winik, author of April 1865: The Month That Saved America and The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World
“Douglas Blackmon’s Slavery by Another Name is an American holocaust that dare not speak its name, a rivetingly written, terrifying history of six decades of racial degradation in the service of white supremacy and cheap labor. It should be required reading.”
—David Levering Lewis, professor, New York University, and winner of the 1994 and 2001 Pulitzer Prizes for Biography
“Doug Blackmon has exposed an awful truth about the continued abuse of power and continued post-slavery exploitation of the poor into the twentieth century.”
—Andrew Young, aide to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations
“Urgent, definitive, powerful. The most important work of history published in a very long time.”
—Bill Cosby
“While much has been written about the horrors of slavery, Douglas Blackmon’s well researched and powerfully written book reminds us of the ugly period of racial subjugation in America after the end of slavery. This book adds a missing chapter in America’s troubled history … and should be required reading in every classroom in America.”
—Charles J. Ogletree Jr., executive director of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School, and author of All Deliberate Speed:Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education
“To read this book is to cross an intellectual Rubicon: Once opened, you will no longer find it possible to relegate slavery to the distant past. Once opened, this book will change you, and how you perceive race relations in America.”
—Harriet A. Washington author of Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present
“Each time you think you know all about black history comes another revelation. And few have come with as much stunning clarity as Douglas Blackmon’s Slavery by Another Name. Blackmon’s astonishing research is delivered evenly and concisely.”
—Herb Boyd, author of We Shall Overcome: The History of the Civil Rights Movement As It Happened
“Douglas A. Blackmon unravels the backlash against Emancipation and Reconstruction and reveals the growth of an insidious system of morally corrupt legal wrangling and exploitation. Incisive research underscores a lucid narrative history that is at once eloquent and compelling.”
—Alan Govenar, author of Untold Glory: African Americans in Pursuit of Freedom, Opportunity, and Achievement
About the Author
DOUGLAS A. BLACKMON is the Atlanta Bureau Chief of the Wall Street Journal. He has written extensively on race, the economy, and American society. Reared in the Mississippi Delta, he lives in downtown Atlanta with his wife and children.
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Astounding
By Wayne B. Norris
Until I read this book, I was not aware that, for 80 years, Black Americans were imprisoned by the tens of thousands on ridiculous charges, such as "loud talking", whenever labor was needed, "sold" as conscript laborers to farmers, miners, turpentine producers, and brick producers, and forced to work in worse-than slavery conditions, generally for decades, or until early death from overwork, disease, or outright industrial murder. But, with thousands of historical references and decades of research, Douglas Blackmon has documented beyond a doubt this period of US history that compares with Hitler's Holocaust and Stalin's building of the White Sea Canal in terms of total number of victims, impact on a culture, and absolute, unmitigated, sheer evil.
Starting with the end of Reconstruction, and ending a mere 5-1/2 years before I was born, when the perceptive US Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, convinced Franklin Delano Roosevelt on December 8, 1941, that Japanese and German propagandists would eat the US alive for our ghastly treatment of our black citizens, millions of Black Americans were arrested on falsified charges, solely so they could be used as sources of cheap labor, to break unions, and to work the most hazardous jobs, at a time when, for many industries, a 10% annual on-the job death rate was considered normative.
You need to read this book. If you ever thought US southern political leaders during post-Reconstruction were "nicer" than, say, Reinhard Heydrich or Heinrich Himmler or Felix Dzerzhinsky, you should read this book.
The fact that I came away from reading it disgusted and revolted does not mean I do not recommend it. I strongly do. It's a bit like finding out your great grandparents were concentration camp guards, but fact is fact.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
The War to End Slavery Didn't
By David Swanson
As documented in Douglas Blackmon's book, Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, the institution of slavery in the U.S. South largely ended for as long as 20 years in some places upon completion of the U.S. civil war. And then it was back again, in a slightly different form, widespread, controlling, publicly known and accepted -- right up to World War II. In fact, in other forms, it remains today. But it does not remain today in the overpowering form that prevented a civil rights movement for nearly a century. It exists today in ways that we are free to oppose and resist, and we fail to do so only to our own shame.
During widely publicized trials of slave owners for the crime of slavery in 1903 -- trials that did virtually nothing to end the pervasive practice -- the Montgomery Advertiser editorialized: "Forgiveness is a Christian virtue and forgetfulness is often a relief, but some of us will never forgive nor forget the damnable and brutal excesses that were committed all over the South by negroes and their white allies, many of whom were federal officials, against whose acts our people were practically powerless."
This was a publicly acceptable position in Alabama in 1903: slavery should be tolerated because of the evils committed by the North during the war and during the occupation that followed. It's worth considering whether slavery might have ended more quickly had it been ended without a war. To say that is not, of course, to assert that in reality the pre-war United States was radically different than it was, that slave owners were willing to sell out, or that either side was open to a non-violent solution. But most nations that ended slavery did so without a civil war. Some did it in the way that Washington, D.C., did it, through compensated emancipation.
Had the United States ended slavery without the war and without division, it would have been, by definition, a very different and less violent place. But, beyond that, it would have avoided the bitter war resentment that has yet to die down. Ending racism would have been a very lengthy process, regardless. But it might have been given a head start rather than having one arm tied behind our backs. Our stubborn refusal to recognize the U.S. civil war as a hindrance to freedom rather than the path to it, allows us to devastate places like Iraq and then marvel at the duration of the resulting animosity.
Wars acquire new victims for many years after they end, even if all the cluster bombs are picked up. Just try to imagine the justifications that would be made for Israel's attacks on Palestinians had World War II not happened.
Had the Northern U.S. allowed the South to secede, ended the returning of "fugitive slaves," and used diplomatic and economic means to urge the South to abolish slavery, it seems reasonable to suppose that slavery might have lasted in the South beyond 1865, but very likely not until 1945. To say this is, once again, not to imagine that it actually happened, or that there weren't Northerners who wanted it to happen and who really didn't care about the fate of enslaved African Americans. It is just to put into proper context the traditional defense of the civil war as having murdered hundreds of thousands of people on both sides in order to accomplish the greater good of ending slavery. Slavery did not end.
Across most of the South, a system of petty, even meaningless, crimes, such as "vagrancy," created the threat of arrest for any black person. Upon arrest, a black man would be presented with a debt to pay through years of hard labor. The way to protect oneself from being put into one of the hundreds of forced labor camps was to put oneself in debt to and under the protection of a white owner. The 13th Amendment sanctions slavery for convicts, and no statute prohibited slavery until the 1950s. All that was needed for the pretense of legality was the equivalent of today's plea bargain.
Not only did slavery not end. For many thousands it was dramatically worsened. The antebellum slave owner typically had a financial interest in keeping an enslaved person alive and healthy enough to work. A mine or mill that purchased the work of hundreds of convicts had no interest in their futures beyond the term of their sentences. In fact, local governments would replace a convict who died with another, so there was no economic reason not to work them to death. Mortality rates for leased-out convicts in Alabama were as high as 45 percent per year. Some who died in mines were tossed into coke ovens rather than going to the trouble to bury them.
Enslaved Americans after the "ending of slavery" were bought and sold, chained by the ankles and necks at night, whipped to death, waterboarded, and murdered at the discretion of their owners, such as U.S. Steel Corporation which purchased mines near Birmingham where generations of "free" people were worked to death underground.
The threat of that fate hung over every black man not enduring it, as well as the threat of lynching that escalated in the early 20th century along with newly pseudo-scientific justifications for racism. "God ordained the southern white man to teach the lessons of Aryan supremacy," declared Woodrow Wilson's friend Thomas Dixon, author of the book and play The Clansman, which became the film Birth of a Nation.
Five days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government decided to take prosecuting slavery seriously, to counter possible criticism from Germany or Japan.
Five years after World War II, a group of former Nazis, some of whom had used slave labor in caves in Germany, set up shop in Alabama to work on creating new instruments of death and space travel. They found the people of Alabama extremely forgiving of their past deeds.
Prison labor continues in the United States. Mass incarceration continues as a tool of racial oppression. Slave farm labor continues as well. So does the use of fines and debt to create convicts. And of course, companies that swear they would never do what their earlier versions did, profit from slave labor on distant shores.
But what ended mass-slavery in the United States for good was not the idiotic mass-slaughter of the civil war. It was the nonviolent educational and moral force of the civil rights movement a full century later.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A Must Read-US Slavery in the 20th Century
By Karen from Los Angeles
"Slavery by Another Name," is a thought provoking and maddening book about slavery in the south during the turn of the twentieth century through the 1960's. You will become very angry when you read how Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Florida et al had local town city officials ready to arrest African Americans on made up
trump up charges, such as vagrancy.
Usually, an African American either took the train or walked to a neighboring town or city looking for work. The local Sheriff meets up with him and either says you owe Mr. Anderson $7.50 for a loan he never borrowed. You need to pay up now or you will be charged with xyz. Mr. Anderson pays for the debt plus new charges. Next the African American is brought before a judge and pronunced guilty and sentenced to 6 on up months of forced labor. He is then asked to sign a contract agreeing to the terms. Usually the forced laborer is illiterate and can't read the contract. He signs a "X" for his signature.
These arrestees were held in the local town jail without basic living conditions. The Sheriff would sell them at a profit to regional mines, lumber yards and coal companies, farmers, and other forced labor camps. The monies were split between the pretend victim (Mr. Anderson), the judge and the sheriff.
These labor camps treated their inmates worse than their African American ancestors before the Civil War. Once they arrived to work at the mines they were chained and shackled. Each slave was given a quota of product they were required to provide at the end of the day. Their days started at 3am or 4am and ended around 11pm. If they missed their quota they were harshly whipped by being stretched nakedly over a barrel to receive at least fifteen lashes. Many died from these daily beatings. Their threadbare clothes or in many cases no clothes were never washed.
Lack of safety was another lethal issue. Because these labor camps were doing everything they could to save on expenses the mines, lumber yards and coal companies used century old equipment that increased loss of limbs and lives.
Due to the lack of sanitary conditions disease ran rapid through the slave workers camps.
The slaves (forced labor) lived in too small filthy hovels where they were chained together each night. They were fed substandard food each night and not enough to meet male caloric intake. Making the slaves weaker every work day.
The details of the book stays with you to share with friends and family.
I highly recommend this book if you want to learn more about slavery in the twentieth century. It is very topical with the kidnapping of the Nigerian girls.
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